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Prime reciprocal magic square : ウィキペディア英語版
Prime reciprocal magic square
A prime reciprocal magic square is a magic square using the decimal digits of the reciprocal of a prime number.
Consider a number divided into one, like 1/3 or 1/7. In base ten, the remainder, and so the digits, of 1/3 repeats at once: 0·3333... However, the remainders of 1/7 repeat over six, or 7-1, digits: 1/7 = 0·142857142857142857... If you examine the multiples of 1/7, you can see that each is a cyclic permutation of these six digits:
1/7 = 0·1 4 2 8 5 7...
2/7 = 0·2 8 5 7 1 4...
3/7 = 0·4 2 8 5 7 1...
4/7 = 0·5 7 1 4 2 8...
5/7 = 0·7 1 4 2 8 5...
6/7 = 0·8 5 7 1 4 2...
If the digits are laid out as a square, it is obvious that each row will sum to 1+4+2+8+5+7, or 27, and only slightly less obvious that each column will also do so, and consequently we have a magic square:
1 4 2 8 5 7
2 8 5 7 1 4
4 2 8 5 7 1
5 7 1 4 2 8
7 1 4 2 8 5
8 5 7 1 4 2
However, neither diagonal sums to 27, but all other prime reciprocals in base ten with maximum period of p-1 produce squares in which all rows and columns sum to the same total.
Other properties of Prime Reciprocals: Midy's theorem
The repeating pattern of an even number of digits (11-1, 13-1, 17-1, 19-1, 29-1, ... ) in the quotients when broken in half are the nines-complement of each half:
1/7 = 0.142,857,142,857 ...
+0.857,142
---------
0.999,999
1/11 = 0.09090,90909 ...
+0.90909,09090
-----
0.99999,99999
1/13 = 0.076,923 076,923 ...
+0.923,076
---------
0.999,999
1/17 = 0.05882352,94117647
+0.94117647,05882352
-------------------
0.99999999,99999999
1/19 = 0.052631578,947368421 ...
+0.947368421,052631578
----------------------
0.999999999,999999999
Ekidhikena Purvena From: Bharati Krishna Tirtha's Vedic mathematics#By one more than the one before
Concerning the number of decimal places shifted in the quotient per multiple of 1/19:
01/19 = 0.052631578,947368421
02/19 = 0.1052631578,94736842
04/19 = 0.21052631578,9473684
08/19 = 0.421052631578,947368
16/19 = 0.8421052631578,94736
A factor of 2 in the numerator produces a shift of one decimal place to the right in the quotient.
In the square from 1/19, with maximum period 18 and row-and-column total of 81,
both diagonals also sum to 81, and this square is therefore fully magic:
01/19 = 0·0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1...
02/19 = 0·1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2...
03/19 = 0·1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3...
04/19 = 0·2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4...
05/19 = 0·2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5...
06/19 = 0·3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6...
07/19 = 0·3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7...
08/19 = 0·4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8...
09/19 = 0·4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9...
10/19 = 0·5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0...
11/19 = 0·5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1...
12/19 = 0·6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2...
13/19 = 0·6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3...
14/19 = 0·7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4...
15/19 = 0·7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5...
16/19 = 0·8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6...
17/19 = 0·8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7...
18/19 = 0·9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8...
()
The same phenomenon occurs with other primes in other bases, and the following table lists some of them, giving the prime, base, and magic total (derived from the formula base-1 x prime-1 / 2):
==See also==

*Cyclic number

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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